Securing Antarctica’s Environmental Future

Theme 2: Biodiversity Status and Trends

Life in the Antarctic is surprisingly rich and diverse – and it’s as much at risk from environmental change as life is elsewhere. Yet it is poorly understood and due to its remoteness, challenging to monitor.

We are working to transform our understanding of the unique flora and fauna that call Antarctica and the Southern Ocean home. What species are living there? How do they survive in such a harsh environment? How are they responding to climate change? And what happens when invasive species reach the continent?

The answers to these questions and more will inform conservation efforts to ensure they are protected now and into the future.

Antarctica and the Southern Ocean are Australia’s distant neighbours, influencing our climate and weather. Changing climates and increasing human activity are creating unprecedented challenges. In response SAEF aims to produce leading science which contributes to international policy to safeguard the region’s future. We are part of the Australian Antarctic Program and are supported by the Australian Research Council.

Our science is being delivered under three interconnected themes:

• Climate Processes and Change
• Biodiversity Status and Trends
• Supporting Environmental Stewardship

These themes enable discipline-specific excellence and innovation, while promoting collaboration and the flow of ideas among our researchers, international colleagues and others seeking the protection of the Antarctic region.  Melodie is the lead of Theme 2: Biodiversity Status and Trends

Click here for more info about SAEF

Click here for more info about Theme 2

Click here to find out about SAEF recruitment

 

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Nowhere to hide? Conservation options for a sub-Antarctic keystone species

Climate change is predicted to be one of the main drivers of ecosystem change into the future, causing biodiversity loss and increasing the potential for catastrophic and irreversible ecosystem regime shifts. Ecosystem regime shifts, are characterised by a shift from one stable state to another, after going beyond a crucial tipping point. Sub-Antarctic fell field ecosystems have specific characteristics that may make them susceptible to regime shifts. They have patchily distributed resources (specifically moisture) and species that act as ecosystem engineers (keystone species) that control the distribution of these resources. Despite the importance of understanding ecosystem regime shifts, particularly in response to the increasing pressure that a changing climate has on the environment, few empirical examples and quantitative data on the process exist.

The sub- Antarctic fell field ecosystem on Macquarie Island has over the past few decades, experienced a shift in weather conditions that includes a uniform increase in sunshine hours and wind speed. This has led to higher levels of evapotranspiration and dryer conditions overall. In addition, the now critically endangered cushion plant, Azorella macquariensis (Apiaceae), a keystone species on Macquarie Island, has significantly declined to levels that could trigger a regime shift in this important ecosystem.

This project will quantify the traits of this ecosystem engineer that are responsive to shifts in climate, and determine the distribution and abundance of potential refugia, locations on the Island that offer protection from changes in climate. From these data a predictive model of Azorella macquariensis range contractions in response to changes in climate will be developed, which will be applicable for management of sub-Antarctic environments more generally.

Photos: http://ultima0thule.blogspot.com/2014_08_24_archive.html

Project participants: Melodie McGeoch (Monash University), Dana Bergstrom (Australian Antarctic Division), Benjamin Raymond (Australian Antarctic Division), Justine Shaw (University of Queensland), Aleksandrs Terauds (Australian Antarctic Division), Jennifer Whinam (Department of Primary Industries, Parks Water and Environment).

Supported by: Australian Antarctic Science Grant 4312 and Monash University

 

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Publications:

Rapid collapse of a sub-Antarctic alpine ecosystem: the role of climate and pathogens.

Bergstrom, D. M., Bricher, P. K., Raymond, B., Terauds, A., Doley, D., McGeoch, M. A., Whinam, J., Glen, M., Yuan, Z., Kiefer, K., Shaw, J. D., Bramely-Alves, J., Rudman, T., Mohammed, C., Lucieer, A., Visoiu, M., Jansen van Vuuren, B., Ball, M. C. 2015, Rapid collapse of a sub-Antarctic alpine ecosystem: the role of climate and pathogens. Journal of Applied Ecology. 52, 774 -783, doi: 10.1111/1365-2664.12436

 

Spatial variation in the ongoing and widespread decline of a keystone plant species.

Dickson, C.R., Baker, D.J., Bergstrom, D.M., Bricher, P.K., Brookes, R.H., Raymond, B., Selkirk, P.M., Shaw, J.D., Terauds, A., Whinam, J., McGeoch, M.A. 2019. Spatial variation in the ongoing and widespread decline of a keystone plant species. Austral Ecology. doi:10.1111/aec.12758

 

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2020 Project Update

The end of 2019 was busy on the Macquarie island cushion project front. We ran a stakeholder workshop to discuss future options for the species, the research was presented at the Ecological Society of Australia conference in Tasmania, and Catherine Dickson submitted her PhD thesis, titled: Impact of climate change on a sub-Antarctic keystone cushion plant, Azorella macquariensis (Apiaceae).

End-User Workshop: The threatened Macquarie Island cushion plant – Azorella macquariensis

The workshop at the Australian Antarctic Division on 15 October 2019, was run as a wrap up to the Australian Antarctic Science Program research project (4312) on the widespread dieback occurring in this species on Macquarie Island. Its aims were, based on the research findings of the project to:

1. Identify and outline appropriate management actions, and
2. Provide evidence-based input into the design of an adaptive management and observation system.

The workshop was attended by the research project team and representatives from: Resource Management and Conservation Division, Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water & Environment (DPIPWE); Tasmanian Parks and Wildlife Service, (DPIPWE); Royal Tasmanian Botanical Gardens and the Department of the Environment and Energy (Australian Government) (DoEE).

Priority next steps that emerged from the workshop discussion include: Identifying the pathogen/s involved; determining germination and propagation techniques; reconciling atmospheric versus soil moisture differences with microrefugia models; smart resurveys to validate predictions of change in cushion condition and to update the national EPBC Act 1999 Conservation Advice statement for Azorella macquariensis with current knowledge. A decision was made to actively pursue appropriate funding to maintain momentum and undertake the important next steps in conserving A. macquariensis and the associated fellfield ecosystem.

Conference presentations and awards

In November 2019 Cath Dickson presented at the Ecological Society of Australia’s 2019 Conference – Ecology: science for practical solutions in Launceston, Tasmania. Cath’s talk “Drivers of large-scale dieback in a keystone sub-Antarctic cushion plant” won the Australian Flora Foundation Prize for a spoken paper on the biology or cultivation of Australian Plant. The abstract is published in the Australian Flora Foundation’s January 2020 Research Matters newsletter: http://aff.org.au/wp-content/uploads/AFF-Newsletter-Jan-2020.pdf

During ESA19 Cath also received Highly Commended (runner-up) for the Mike Bull Prize for the best ECR-led paper published in Austral Ecology in 2019, for her paper “Spatial variation in the ongoing and widespread decline of a keystone plant species”.

Topographic modelling showed a significant latitudinal dieback gradient, while derived terrain variables associated with water stress were unimportant. Microclimate modelling was used to clarify the role of microclimate stress and potential interactions with the currently unidentified pathogen/s. This revealed that cushion dieback was driven by microclimate extremes broadly known to promote (humidity) or suppress (freezing) pathogen activity. Fine-scale condition classes showed a latitudinal gradient in cushion condition where the most advanced dieback occurred in the north, consistent with the location of less extreme cold conditions. Qualitative network models were used to improve understanding of fellfield interactions. These demonstrated the loss of interactions and ecosystem resilience as the keystone cushion’s condition declined. A qualitative mechanistic state-transition model was built to formalise the transitions between condition classes, capturing knowledge about the system.

Under the current and projected climate conditions, it is expected that dieback will remain pervasive, removing cover of this keystone species over time. If the fellfield ecosystem and the associated iconic terraces are to be maintained as a prominent landform on the island, adaptive intervention management actions will need to be considered and implemented within a suitable timeframe. These findings have broader implications for managing sub-Antarctic fellfield ecosystems and Azorella species more generally under future climates.

 

 

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A successful 2017/2018 field season concludes the project’s field work

In November 2017 Cath Dickson (PhD Candidate) and Rowena Hannaford (Research Assistant) returned to Macquarie Island for two months for the final field season of AASP 4312 Nowhere to Hide? Conservation options for a subantarctic keystone species.  The primary aim of the season was to retrieve the microclimate (temperature and humidity) data-loggers from each site, which had been established during the previous 2016/2017 season. Together the team also resurveyed the extent of Azorella macquariensis cover and dieback, the proportion of growth classes affected by dieback and refined data on soil characteristics at the 82 sites across the extent of Macquarie Island.

It was a highly successful field season, with a complete set of microclimate data recorded from all sites.  The microclimate data set is currently in the initial phase of analysis. The team are looking forward to determining the relationship between microclimate and Azorella dieback as the first step to understanding if and where Azorella microclimate holdouts (refuges) potentially occur on Macquarie Island.

 

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Project Update

PhD student Cath Dickson recently presented a poster on Nowhere to hide? Conservation options for the sub-Antarctic Macquarie cushions. Developing the evidence base for management at the 11^th Australasian Plant Conservation Conference.  Cath investigated the response of the Azorella genus to climate change across the sub-Antarctic and South American sub-continent. The scientific evidence for the Azorella genus and fellfield ecosystem’s response to climate is comparatively limited.  However, Azorella condition will likely be highest in areas of lower potential evapotranspiration under climate change scenarios.  The poster won the Student Poster Prize for the conference.  The biennial conference’s theme was New Approaches to Plant Conservation Challenges in the Modern World, stimulating important discussions on integrating science and management to meet the challenges from increasing urbanisation, small populations and land-use intensification under changing climates.

 

 

 

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Project Update

Field work kicks off to better understand patterns of dieback in the Macquarie Cushion

In December 2016 project team members Dr Dana Bergstrom (AAD), Dr Jennie Whinam (UTas) and Cath Dickson (PhD student, Monash) began field work on Macquarie Island to determine the distribution and abundance of potential refugia for Azorella macquariensis.  December 2016 set three monthly weather records, which resulted in a very wet, windy start to the field season. However, despite the weather the team succesfully established half of the temperature and humidity data-loggers and refined the field methods before the New Year.

Throughout January and February, Cath and John Burgess (AAD) travelled across the island to finish establishing the microclimate data-loggers, take leaf samples and complete condition and microtopography assessments at all 62 sites.  The site assessments were undertaken in four broad terrain classes, encompassing a diversity of microtopography. The sites ranged from very steep highly exposed slopes, to exposed fellfield peaks, to wetter short grassland turf on sheltered or gentle slopes. Azorella dieback was recorded across the island, however, the severity and levels of recovery varied between sites.  Cath is looking forward to analysing the resultant data in the year ahead.

PHOTO CREDITS: George Brettingham-Moore, Rowena Lundie, Cath Dickson, John Burgess